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Course Outline

What Statistics Can Offer to Decision Makers

  • Descriptive Statistics
    • Basic statistics - determining which measures (e.g., median, mean, percentiles) are most relevant for different distributions
    • Graphs - understanding the significance of accuracy (e.g., how graph construction influences decision-making)
    • Variable types - identifying which variables are easier to manage
    • Ceteris paribus - recognizing that things are always in motion
    • Third variable problem - strategies for identifying the true influencing factor
  • Inferential Statistics
    • Probability value - understanding the meaning of the P-value
    • Repeated experiments - interpreting results from repeated experimental trials
    • Data collection - minimizing bias, though it cannot be entirely eliminated
    • Understanding confidence levels

Statistical Thinking

  • Decision making with limited information
    • How to assess whether sufficient information is available
    • Prioritizing goals based on probability and potential return (benefit/cost ratio, decision trees)
  • How errors accumulate
    • The butterfly effect
    • Black swan events
    • Understanding Schrödinger's cat and Newton's Apple in a business context
  • Cassandra Problem - measuring forecast accuracy when the course of action changes
    • Google Flu Trends - analyzing what went wrong
    • How decisions can render forecasts obsolete
  • Forecasting - methods and practicality
    • ARIMA models
    • Why naive forecasts are often more responsive
    • Determining the optimal historical look-back period for forecasts
    • Why having more data can sometimes lead to worse forecasts

Statistical Methods Useful for Decision Makers

  • Describing Bivariate Data
    • Univariate data versus bivariate data
  • Probability
    • Why measurements vary each time they are taken
  • Normal Distributions and normally distributed errors
  • Estimation
    • Independent sources of information and degrees of freedom
  • Logic of Hypothesis Testing
    • What can be proven, and why the outcome is often the opposite of what we wish (Falsification)
    • Interpreting the results of Hypothesis Testing
    • Testing Means
  • Power
    • How to determine an effective (and cost-efficient) sample size
    • False positives and false negatives, and why there is always a trade-off

Requirements

Strong mathematical skills are required. Additionally, prior exposure to basic statistics (such as working with professionals who conduct statistical analysis) is necessary.

 7 Hours

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